Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Iguaçu National Park and surrounding areas in southern Brazil: a long-term survey, with six new records for the Brazilian fauna / As Borboletas (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) do Parque Nacional do Iguaçu e arredores no Sul do Brasil: um inventário de longo prazo, com seis novos registros para a fauna brasileira

Abstract Iguaçu National Park is the second largest (1852.62 km²) protected area in the Atlantic Forest domain and harbors the largest area of semideciduous seasonal forest in Brazil. In this study, we present 795 subspecies and 787 species of butterflies that occur in this protected area and its surrounding areas, collected over 15 years and ten months using different non-standardized sampling methods. We also searched for additional records in the literature, entomological collections, and citizen science platforms on the internet. Among the sampled taxa, six are recorded for the first time in Brazil: Emesis orichalceus Stichel, 1916, Theope p. pakitza Hall & Harvey, 1998 (Riodinidae), Elbella v. viriditas (Skinner, 1920), Apaustus gracilis ssp. n. (Hesperiidae), Deltaya sp. n. (Nymphalidae), and Symbiopsis sp. n. (Lycaenidae). Another six are listed as endangered in lists of butterflies of conservation concern. The records for some species significantly increase previously documented distributions.

Resumo O Parque Nacional do Iguaçu é a segunda maior Unidade de Conservação (1.852,62 km²) no domínio Mata Atlântica, abrigando a maior área de Floresta Estacional Semidecídua no Brasil. Neste estudo apresentamos uma lista com 795 subespécies e 787 espécies de borboletas que ocorrem nesta Unidade de Conservação e seus arredores, coligida ao longo de 15 anos e dez meses através do uso de diferentes métodos de amostragem não padronizados. Nós também procuramos por registros adicionais na literatura, coleções entomológicas e plataformas de ciência cidadã na internet. Dentre os táxons amostrados, seis são registrados pela primeira vez para o Brasil: Emesis orichalceus Stichel, 1916, Theope p. pakitza Hall & Harvey, 1998 (Riodinidae), Elbella v. viriditas (Skinner, 1920), Apaustus gracilis ssp. n. (Hesperiidae), Deltaya sp. n. (Nymphalidae) e Symbiopsis sp. n. (Lycaenidae). Outras seis espécies são consideradas ameaçadas de extinção em listas de borboletas de interesse para a conservação. Os registros de algumas espécies aumentam significativamente as suas distribuições previamente documentadas.

The butterflies of Cristalino Lodge, in the Brazilian southern Amazonia: An updated species list with a significant contribution from citizen science / As borboletas do Cristalino Lodge, no sul da Amazônia: Uma lista atualizada de espécies com contribuição significativa da ciência cidadã

Abstract The richest butterfly communities in the world are found in the Amazon rainforest. Despite of this, and the importance of species inventories for the knowledge of diversity patterns, there are few comprehensive lists of butterflies for localities in the Brazilian Amazon. Here, we present an updated list of the butterflies of Cristalino Lodge (Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso, Brazil), in southern Amazonia, based on specimens collected by researchers and photographic records taken by ecotourists, butterfly watchers, and tour guides. With 1010 species recorded, this is currently the largest list of butterflies published for a single locality in Brazil and the first to reach (and surpass) 1000 species, with more than one third of the records coming from citizen science. The region has about 29% of the butterfly species in Brazil and one of the greatest richnesses known in the country, inferior only to areas in the western Amazon. Its fauna is mainly composed of species widely distributed in lowland Amazonia, with the addition of some species typical of the Cerrado. It has a relatively low number of species of the tribe Ithomiini (Nymphalidae: Danainae), generally considered a good indicator of the total butterfly diversity in neotropical forests, which points to the need for caution when using a single taxonomic group as a surrogate of richness of entire communities. The present work highlights the importance of citizen science and ecotourism centers for inventories and data on species distribution in diverse tropical forests.

Resumo As comunidades de borboletas mais ricas do mundo são encontradas na Amazônia. Apesar disso, e da importância dos inventários de espécies para o conhecimento dos padrões de diversidade, existem poucas listas abrangentes de borboletas para localidades da Amazônia brasileira. Aqui, apresentamos uma lista atualizada das borboletas do Cristalino Lodge (Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso, Brasil), no sul da Amazônia, baseada em espécimes coletados por pesquisadores e em registros fotográficos feitos por ecoturistas, observadores de borboletas e guias turísticos. Com 1010 espécies registradas, essa é atualmente a maior lista de borboletas publicada para uma localidade no Brasil e a primeira a atingir 1000 espécies, sendo mais de um terço dos registros provenientes da ciência cidadã. A região apresenta cerca de 29% das espécies de borboletas do Brasil e uma das maiores riquezas conhecidas no país, inferior apenas a áreas no oeste da Amazônia. Sua fauna é composta principalmente por espécies amplamente distribuídas na planície amazônica, com adição de algumas típicas do Cerrado. Possui um número relativamente baixo de espécies da tribo Ithomiini (Nymphalidae: Danainae), que é geralmente considerada uma boa indicadora da riqueza total de borboletas em florestas neotropicais, o que aponta para a necessidade de cautela ao se usar um grupo taxonômico como previsor da riqueza de comunidades inteiras. O presente trabalho destaca a importância da ciência cidadã e dos centros de ecoturismo para inventários e dados sobre distribuição de espécies em florestas tropicais diversas.

Geographical distribution of Emesis/ Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) in Mexico: Updated checklist and temporal patterns.

We present a synthesis of the existing information on the genus Emesis Fabricius in Mexico concerning biogeographical patterns and taxonomical aspects. Emesis is the most diverse genus of Emesidini with 57 species and subspecies, with Mexico as the northern limit of this Neotropical genus. We analyzed 5434 specimens of the Lepidoptera Collection of the MZFC, UNAM and compared them with specimens from collections of Mexico, Central and South America. Taxonomic determination and corroboration were made by analysis of wing patterns and genitalia. Geographic distribution and phenology were obtained from the database MARIPOSA. We present an updated list of Emesis of Mexico, with 17 species and subspecies. For each species, we provide information on phenology, geographic, altitudinal, and vegetation distributions. We discuss taxonomic and undersampling concerns for some species, as well as spatial and temporal patterns with special reference to vegetation types and biogeographic provinces in Mexico.

Emesis planeca n. comb. (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae): a new combination revealed by molecular evidence with a description of its morphological variation.

We transfer Apodemia planeca R. de la Maza E. J. de la Maza E. 2017 to Emesis as Emesis planeca (R. de la Maza E. J. de la Maza E.) n. comb. based on phylogenetic hypotheses estimated with one mtDNA and two nDNA markers. This is a rare and poorly known metalmark, endemic to the central region of Balsas Basin in Michoacán, Mexico, originally described from material collected 23 years ago. Here we analyze new specimens from the type locality not included in the original description. With this new material, we describe the morphological variation of adults, including male and female genitalia. This variation is then discussed and compared with the original description. Emesis planeca n. comb. is restricted to the Tropical Deciduous Forest and the adults fly only in the dry season. Due to the spatial, temporal, and ecological rareness of Emesis planeca n. comb., considering it has not been collected in more than two decades and that the Tropical Deciduous Forest is one of the most threatened habitats in Mexico; we propose assigning a protection status to this species.

A new species of Aricoris Westwood, 1851 (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) from the Neotropical Cerrado savanna.

A new species of Aricoris Westwood, 1851, until now treated erroneously as Aricoris tutana (Godart, [1824]), is described and illustrated from the Neotropical Cerrado savanna. Aricoris emeryi Callaghan, Lemes Kaminski, sp. nov. can be identified by a set of characters on wings and male genitalia that differentiates it from other species belonging to the constantius group.

Challenges for organismic taxonomical revisions in the age of phylogenomics: A response to Zhang et al. (2019).

Tribe Emesidini Seraphim, Freitas Kaminski (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) is distributed in America from southwest Canada to Brazil and Paraguay, and includes 57 species and 54 subspecies (Callaghan Lamas 2004; Penz DeVries 2006; Gallard 2008; Pelham 2008; De la Maza De la Maza 2017 a,b; Kaminski et al. 2017; Seraphim et al. 2018; Trujano-Ortega et al. 2018; Zhang et al. 2019). The tribe has great taxonomic, morphological and ecological diversity, as well as wide geographic and seasonal variation. This great variation and broad geographic range of some genera entail the need for a taxonomic review (Espeland et al. 2015; Trujano-Ortega et al. 2018).

Two new genera of metalmark butterflies of North and Central America (Lepidoptera, Riodinidae).

Two new genera of Riodinidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera) are described, Neoapodemia Trujano-Ortega, gen. n. (Neoapodemia nais (W. H. Edwards, 1876), comb. n., N. chisosensis Freeman, 1964, comb. n.) and Plesioarida Trujano-Ortega & García-Vázquez, gen. n. (Plesioarida palmerii palmerii (W. H. Edwards, 1870), comb. n., P. palmerii arizona (Austin, [1989]), comb. n., P. palmerii australis (Austin, [1989]), comb. n., P. hepburni hepburni (Godman & Salvin, 1886), comb. n., P. hepburni remota (Austin, 1991), comb. n., P. murphyi (Austin, [1989]), comb. n., P. hypoglauca hypoglauca (Godman & Salvin, 1878), comb. n., P. hypoglauca wellingi (Ferris, 1985), comb. n., P. walkeri (Godman & Salvin, 1886), comb. n., P. selvatica (De la Maza & De la Maza, 2017), comb. n.). Neoapodemia Trujano-Ortega, gen. n. is distributed in the southwestern USA and northeastern Mexico, while Plesioarida Trujano-Ortega & García-Vázquez, gen. n. is present from the southern USA to Central America. Species of these genera were previously classified as Apodemia C. Felder & R. Felder but molecular and morphological evidence separate them as new taxa. Morphological diagnoses and descriptions are provided for both new genera, including the main distinctive characters from labial palpi, prothoracic legs, wing venation and genitalia, as well as life history traits. A molecular phylogeny of one mitochondrial gene (COI) and two nuclear genes (EF-1a and wg) are also presented of most species of Apodemia, Neoapodemia Trujano-Ortega, gen. n., Plesioarida Trujano-Ortega & García-Vázquez, gen. n., and sequences of specimens from all tribes of Riodinidae. We compare the characters of Apodemia, Neoapodemia Trujano-Ortega, gen. n. and Plesioarida Trujano-Ortega & García-Vázquez, gen. n. and discuss the differences that support the description of these new taxa. This is a contribution to the taxonomy of the Riodinidae of North America of which the generic diversity is greater than previously recognized.

A new species of Pheles Herrich-Schaeffer from Northeast Brazil (Lepidoptera, Riodinidae).

A new species of Riodinidae, Pheles caatingensis Callaghan & Nobre, sp. nov. from Ceará and Pernambuco State in Brazil is described, along with its habitat, behavior and taxonomic differences with other members of the genus Pheles. Notes are included on distribution and mimetic relationships with other sympatric insects.

A new species of Euselasia Hübner from Meso-America and Mexico with notes on the eurypus group (Lepidoptera, Riodinidae).

A new species of Riodinidae, Euselasia oaxacensis Callaghan, Llorente-Bousquets & Luis-Martinez, sp. nov. from Oaxaca State in Mexico and Costa Rica is described, including its habitat, behavior and differences with other members of the eurypus group of the genus Euselasia. Notes are included in the taxonomic position, distribution and behavior of three other species of the eurypus group: Euselasia eurypus (Hewitson, 1856), Euselasia angulata (Bates, 1868); and Euselasia clesa (Hewitson, 1856).